For
‘E’
EASEMENT:
The right to use or control the property of another for designated
purposes.
ECCENTRIC
LOAD: A load on a column applied at a point away from the column center and
therefore putting a bending movement on the column equal in amount to the load
multiplied by the arm.
EFFICIENCY:
It is the power output divided by the power input.
ELASTOMER:
Elastic rubber like substance, neoprene, etc.
EMBANKMENT:
A ridge of earth or rock placed, shaped and compacted to carry a road, railway,
canal, etc., or to contain water.
EMPIRICAL
FORMULA: A formula or rule based on one or many series of observations or trials,
but with no theoretical calculation.
EMULSION:
A mixture with water. Asphalt emulsions are produced by adding a small amount
of emulsifying soap to asphalt cement and water. When the water evaporates, the
asphalt sets.
ENCROACHMENT:
The use of the highway right-of-way for non-highway structures or other purposes.
ENERGY: A
capacity for doing work, expressed in work units. Energy may be inherent in the
speed of a body (Kinetic energy) or in its position relative to another body
(Potential energy).
ENGINEER:
The State (Client) Representative Engineer, acting by and under the
authority of the laws of the State (Client). The Engineer is responsible for
the Engineering monitoring and checking of construction work progress and
conformance to the project specifications requirements.
ENGINEERING:
The science through which the properties of matter and the sources of power
are utilized for man's benefit.
EPOXIDE,
EPOXY, ETHOXYLENE RESIN: A synthetic, usually two-part material that can set
and harden under water or be used for bonding roof bolts or for repairing
concrete in heavily trafficked areas, etc.
EROSION: Wearing
or scouring caused by the abrasive action of moving water or wind.
ERRATIC: Values
which seem to vary excessively from the average.
ERROR: A
difference from an average value. An unintentional deviation from correct
value.
EXPANSION
OR CONTRACTION JOINT: A gap or space in the steel or the concrete to accommodate
both thermal expansion and contraction.
EXPRESSWAY:
A divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control
of access.
EXTRAPOLATE:
To project tested values, assuming a continuity of an established pattern.
EXTRA
WORK: Additional construction work for which no price or compensation is
provided for in the contract and for which the Contractor is not deemed liable
under any other provision of the contract, but found by the Engineer to be
necessary or desirable for the satisfactory completion of the contract.
EXTRUSION:
Forming rods, tubes, or sections of specified shape by pushing hot or cold metal
or plastics through a shaped die to the required section.
For
‘F’
FACTOR OF
SAFETY: The stress at which failure is expected, divided by the design
stress (maximum permissible stress).
FALSEWORK:
Support for concrete formwork or for an arch during construction.
FATIGUE: The
lowering of the breaking-load of a member by repeated reversals of stress so that
the member fails at a much lower stress than it can withstand under static
loading.
FAULTING:
The difference in elevation of two adjacent concrete slabs at a joint,
primarily caused by the traffic-induced movement of base material particles
from under one joint edge to under the adjacent joint edge.
FILL: Earthwork
in embankment or backfilling.
FILLET: 3
to 6 inches wide chamfer for column to add beauty and strength by avoiding sharp
angels.
FILLET
WELD: A weld of roughly triangular cross-section between two pieces at
right angles.
FINE
AGGREGATE: (1) Sand or grit for concrete which passes the No. 4 sieve (4.76
mm) and retained in the No. 200 sieve (74 micron or 0.074 mm). (2) Sand or grit
for bituminous road-making which passes a sieve of 3 mm square opening.
FIXED
COSTS: Any necessary labor, material and equipment costs, directly expended
on the item or items under consideration which remain constant regardless of
the quantity of the work done.
FLAKING: Peeling
off of the coating.
FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT: An asphaltic pavement structure having sufficiently low bending resistance
to maintain intimate contact with the underlying structure, yet having the
required stability furnished by aggregate interlock, internal friction between
particles and cohesion to support traffic.
FLEXURE: Word
meaning bending.
FLUME: A
wooden, steel or concrete open channel to carry or measure water flows.
FLY-ASH: The
ash which goes to the chimney from pulverized coal and is caught in the flue gas
dust extractors. It is used as pozzolan or as an admixture to cement.
FORCE: That
which tends to accelerate a body or change its movement (e.g., the weight of a body
is a force which tends to move it downwards).
FORMATION
LEVEL: The surface level or elevation of the ground surface after all
digging and filling, but before concreting.
FORMWORK:
The wood molds used to hold concrete during the placement and curing processes.
FOUNDATION
FAILURE: Foundations of buildings can fail in one of two ways, first by differential
settlement, secondly by shear failure of the soil.
FREEWAY: A
divided arterial highway with full control of access.
FRONTAGE
ROAD: A local street or road auxiliary to, and located on the side of an
arterial highway for service to an abutting property and adjacent areas, and
for control of access.
FROST: Weather
during which dew is deposited as ice. The danger to construction caused by
frost is that water expands by about 9% of its volume when it freezes.
Therefore concrete or mortar which has not set and contains free water is
disintegrated by it.
FUSION
WELDING: The welding of metals or plastics by any method which involves
melting of the edges of the parts to be joined without pressure. Usually a
filler rod provides the weld metal.
For
‘G’
GABIONS: Compartmented
rectangular containers made of galvanized hexagonal steel wire mesh and filled
with stone. Gabions are used to stabilize and protect embankment slopes from
erosion.
GANTRY: (1)
A temporary staging for carrying heavy loads, such as earth. (2) overhead structure
that supports signs, usually built of square timbers or steel joists.
GEOSYNTHETICS
(GEOMATRIX, GEOMEMBRANE AND GEOTEXTILE): Thin fabrics membranes and
composites placed between soil layers to prevent sliding and for reinforcing or
to retard the migration of clay into the pavement structure or placed between
pavement layers for reinforcing or to retard crack propagation from an
underlying layer to the one above it.
GIRDER: A
large beam, usually of steel or concrete. Its chords are parallel or nearly so,
unlike a truss.
GORE: The
V (Triangular) shaped area immediately beyond the divergence of two roadways bounded
by the edges of those roadways.
GRANULAR:
Material that does not contain more than 35 percent of soil particles which
will pass a No. 200 sieve.
GRADING: Shaping
and levelling the ground surface, usually by earth-moving equipments such as
graders.
GRADIENT
OR GRADE: The rise or fall per unit horizontal length (Slope) of a pipe,
road, railway, flume, etc. Slope also expressed as the number of degrees from
the horizontal or as a percentage.
GRAVEL: Granular
material retained on a No. 4 sieve (4.76 mm) which is the result of natural
disintegration of rock, or untreated or only slightly washed, rounded, natural aggregate,
larger than 5 mm.
GRID: Any
rectangular layout of straight lines (Generally used in locating points on a
plan).
GRILLAGE:
A footing or part of a footing consisting of horizontally laid timbers or
steel beams.
GROOVING:
The process of producing grooves in a concrete pavement surface to improve frictional
characteristics.
GROUNDWATER:
Water contained in the soil or rocks below the water table. Water table if lowered
too much, the ground may settle disastrously.
GROUNDWATER
LOWERING: Lowering the level of groundwater is to ensure a dry excavation
in sand or gravel or to enable the sides of the excavation to stand up. Groundwater
lowering in this sense is always carried out from outside the excavation either
by well-points or from filter wells.
GROUT: (1)
To fill with grout. (2) Fluid or semi-fluid cement slurry or slurry made with other
materials for pouring into the joints of brickwork or masonry or for injection
into the ground or pre-stressing ducts. Grouting of ducts improves the bond and
may reduce corrosion of the tendons but it prevents their inspection and
re-tensioning or renewal.
GUNITE,
SHOTCRETE: A cement-sand mortar, thrown on to formwork or walls or rock by
a compressed-air ejector, which forms a very dense, high-strength concrete. It
is used for repairing concrete surfaces, making the circular walls of preload
tanks, protecting wearing surfaces of coal bunkers; covering the walls of mine
airways or water tunnels, stabilizing earth excavation slopes and so on.
GULLEY: (1)
A pit in the gutter by the side of a road. It is covered with a grating. (2) A small
grating and inlet to a drain to receive rainwater and wastewater from sinks,
baths or basins.
For
‘H’
HEAVE: Upward
movement of soil caused by expansion or displacement resulting from phenomena
such as moisture absorption, removal of overburden, driving of piles, frost
action, etc.
HEDGE: A
row of closely planted shrubs forming a fence.
HIGHWAY: The
whole right of way or area which is reserved and secured for use in constructing
the roadway and its appurtenances.
HONEYCOMBING:
Local voids or roughness of the face of a concrete structure, caused by the
concrete having segregated so badly that there is very little sand to fill the
gaps between the stones at this point. Such concrete is weak and should be cut
out in a rectangular or square shapes and rebuilt if the wall is heavily
loaded.
HYDRATION:
The combination of water with any substance such as lime or minerals, which
is responsible for the alteration of minerals in weathering; the formation of
hydrated lime; the setting of cement and so on.
HVEEM'S
RESISTANCE VALUE TEST (The R-Value): The R-value is a measure of the ability
of a soil to resist lateral deformation when a vertical load acts upon it. The
R-value ranges from zero (the resistance of water) to 100 (the approximate
resistance of steel). R-values of soil and aggregate usually range from 5 to
85.
For
‘I’
IMPERVIOUS:
Resistant to movement of water; a description of relatively waterproof
soils such as clays through which water percolates at about one millionth of
the speed with which it passes through gravel.
INITIAL
SETTING TIME: The time required before a concrete mix can carry a small
load without sinking like a mud. This is after about one hour in warm weather.
INHERENT
SETTLEMENT: The sinking of a foundation due only to the loads which it puts
on the soil below it and not to the loads on any nearby foundations. In city
sites where the foundations are on clay, all foundations suffer both inherent
and interference settlement.
INTERFERENCE
SETTLEMENT: The sinking of a foundation due to loads on foundations near it
and the natural extension of their settlement craters beyond their own
boundaries.
INTERPOLATION:
(1) Inferring the position of a point between known points on a graph by assuming
that the variation between them is smooth. Usually the assumption is that the variation
is linear (A straight-line variation). (2) To estimate untested values which
fall between tested values.
INVERT
LEVEL: The level of the lowest part of a pipe invert.