For
‘C’
CALENDAR
DAY: Any day shown on the calendar, and the 24-hour period thereof from
12:01 a.m.
to midnight.
CANTILEVER:
A beam which is securely supported at one end, and hangs freely at the
other; an overhanging beam.
CAMBER: A
slightly arched surface of a road to compensate for anticipated deflection or
to allow for drainage.
CANTILEVER
FOOTING: A combined footing that supports an exterior wall or exterior
columns.
CAPILLARY
PRESSURE OR SEEPAGE FORCE: In ground which is being drained from outside an
excavation, capillary pressures help the excavated earth to stand steeply.
However, if the ground is being drained from inside and not from outside the
excavation, the capillary pressures will help the earth face to collapse.
CAPILLARY
WATER: Water just above the water table which is drawn up out of an aquifer
due to capillary action of the soil.
CARRIAGEWAY:
The part of a highway which carrier vehicles.
CASSION: A
cylindrical or rectangular rigged-wall for keeping water or soft ground from
flowing into an excavation while digging for foundations or piles.
CAST-IN-PLACE
or CAST-IN-SITU: Concrete deposited in its permanent place.
CAULKING:
Using pressure gun for filling of a crack, crevice, seam or joint to make
it air or water-tight.
CEMENT: A
mixture of silicates and aluminates of calcium that when mixed with water it
binds a stone-sand mixture into a strong concrete within a few days.
CEMENT
MORTAR: Mortar usually composed of four parts sand to one of cement, with a
suitable amount of water.
CENTER
LINE OF HIGHWAY: A line equidistant from the edges of the median separating
the main travelled ways on a divided highway, or the center line of the main
traveled way on undivided highway.
CHANNEL: A
natural or artificial water course.
CHAINAGE:
A length (Usually 100 feet) measured by chain or steel tape.
CHANGE
ORDER: A written order issued by the Engineer to the Contractor, and signed
by both, which set forth any necessary or desirable changes in the contract
including, but not limited to, extra work, increases or decreases in contract
quantities, the basis of payment, contract time adjustments and other additions
or alteration to the contract. A change order signed by the Contractor
indicates his agreement therewith.
CHARACTERISTIC:
A measurable property of a material, product or item of construction.
CHEVRON: V shaped strips meeting at an
angle.
CHEZY-MANNING
EQUATION: Used to measure water flow in open channels.
CHROMATING:
Priming with lead or zinc to prevent forming of rust.
CLAY: Very
fine-grained soil of colloid size (Finer than 0.002 mm), consisting mainly of
hydrated silicate of aluminium. It is a plastic cohesive soil which shrinks on
drying, expands on wetting, and gives up water when compressed.
COARSE
AGGREGATE: (1) For concrete: aggregate which retained on the No. 4 sieve
(4.76 mm). (2) For bituminous material: aggregate which retained on a sieve of
3 mm square opening.
COBBLE: Rock
fragments between 3 to 6 in size.
COHESION OF SOIL: The stickiness of clay or silt. It is the shear strength of clay, which generally equals about half its unconfined compressive strength.
COHESIVE
SOIL: A sticky soil like clay or clayey silt.
COHESIONLESS
SOIL: Sand, gravel and similar soils, also known as frictional soils since
their properties are defined more by their angle of internal friction than by
cohesion.
COMPACTION:
Artificial increase of the dry density of a granular soil by mechanical
means such as rolling the surface layers, or driving sand piles for deep
compaction, vibroflotation, or impact methods. There are many methods of
compaction, six main types of compacting equipment are: (1) pneumatic-tyred
rollers, in which the rear wheels cover the gaps left by the front wheels, (2)
tamping rollers, (3) sheep-foot rollers, (4) vibrating rollers, (5) frog
rammers (trench compactors), and (6) vibrating plates. The last two are used
for confined spaces.
COMPOUND:
A homogeneous substance composed of two or more elements that can be
decomposed by chemical changes only.
CONCRETE:
A mixture of water, sand, stone, and a binder (Usually Portland cement)
which hardens to a stone like mass. There are four types of Portland cement:
- Type I: Normal Portland cement: This is general-purpose cement used whenever sulphate hazards are absent and when the heat of hydration will not produce objectionable rises in temperature. Typical uses are sidewalks, pavement, beams, columns and culverts.
- Type II: Modified Portland cement (Sulphate-resistant Portland cement): This type of cement is applicable when exposure to severe sulphate concentration is expected, generally used in hot weather in the construction of large concrete structures. Its heat rate and total heat generation are lower than for normal Portland cement.
- Type III: High-early strength Portland cement: This type develops its strength quickly. It is suitable for use when the structure must be put into early use or when long-term protection against cold temperatures is not feasible. Its shrinkage rate, however, is higher than for types I and II, and extensive cracking may result.
- Type IV: Low-heat Portland cement: For extensive concrete structures, such as gravity dams, low-heat cement is required to minimize the curing heat. The ultimate strength also develops more slowly than for the other types.
CONDUIT: Any
open channel, pipe, etc., for flowing fluid. A pipe or tube in which smaller
pipes, tubes, or electrical conductors are inserted or are to be inserted.
CONSISTENCY
OF CONCRETE: Ease of flow or workability of concrete, measured by slump
test or Kelly ball test.
CONSOLIDATION:
The gradual, slow compression of a cohesive soil due to weight acting on
it, which occurs as water, or water and air are driven out of the voids in the
soil. Consolidation only occurs with clays or other soils of low permeability;
it is not the same as compaction, which is a mechanical, immediate process and
only occurs in soils with at least some sand.
CONTINUOUS
BEAM: A beam extending over several spans in the same straight line.
CONTINUOUS
or COMBINED FOOTING: A long footing supporting a continuous wall or two or
more columns in a row.
CONTRACTOR:
The person or persons, firm, partnership, corporation, or combination
thereof, private or municipal, who have entered into a contract with the State
(Client).
CONTRACT:
The written agreement between the State (Client) and the contractor setting
forth the obligation of the parties there under, including, but not limited to,
the performance of the work, the furnishing of labor, equipments and materials
and the basis of payment. The contract includes the Advertisement for Bids,
Proposal, Bidding Schedule, Contract Agreement and Contract Bonds, Certificate
of Insurance, Standard Specifications, Supplemental Specifications, Special
Provisions, Project Plans, Standard Drawings and any Supplemental Agreements
that are required to complete the construction of the work in an acceptable
manner within a specified period, including authorized extensions thereof, all
of which constitute one instrument.
CONTRACT
PAYMENT BOND: The approved form of security, executed by the Contractor and
his surety or sureties, guaranteeing complete performance of the contract and
all supplemental agreements pertaining thereto and the payment of all legal
debts pertaining to the construction of the project.
COPING: The
cap or top course of a wall.
CORROSION:
Disintegration or deterioration of metal, concrete or reinforcement by
electrolysis or chemical attack.
CORRUGATIONS:
Regular transverse undulation or alternate ridges upon a metal pipe surface
to give greater rigidity to thin plates.
COURSE: The
roadway horizontal pavement layer.
CRITERIA:
The Client's requirements for the design and construction of a particular
type of building, or structure.
CRITICAL:
(1) Of, relating to, or being a turning point or specially important
juncture. (2) Relating to or being a state in which a measurement or point at
which some quality, property or phenomenon suffers a definite change.
CRACKING
IN CONCRETE: Cracking is always expected in reinforced concrete, since it
has such a high shrinkage on hardening. Additional cracks will occur on the
stretched side of a beam. Reinforcement shall be inserted sufficient in
quantity and closeness to make the cracks invisible to the naked eye and very
close together. Contraction and expansion joints are constructed to reduce
cracking.
CRACK: An
open seam not necessarily extending through the body of a material. Some types
of cracks in asphaltic or Portland cement concrete are:
- ALLIGATOR CRACK: A crack caused by fatigue of the asphaltic concrete surface layer or excessive movement of the underlying layers. Typically alligator cracks form an interconnected network of irregularly shaped polygons varying in size from a few square inches to 1 square foot.
- BLOCK CRACK: A crack caused by shrinkage of the bound surface material. Typically block cracks form an interconnected network of nearly square shapes varying in size from 1 square foot to several square feet.
- DURABILITY (D) CRACK: A series of closely-spaced cracks adjacent and roughly parallel to concrete pavement joints caused by the freezing and thawing of unsound aggregates that have high moisture content.
- RANDOM CRACK: A crack that is neither longitudinal nor transverse crack that has a little or no interconnection with other cracks. May be caused by movement, either of the pavement structure or sub-grade or both.
- REFLECTIVE CRACK: Crack in a pavement surface layer caused by the high stresses from movements of a cracked underlying layer.
- TRANSVERSE OR TEMPERATURE CRACK: A long crack approximately perpendicular to the centerline caused by longitudinal shortening of the bound surface layer, sometimes called temperature cracks as the shortening is often caused by contraction from temperature changes. Typically transverse cracks extend across the full width of the pavement.
- CRAZE CRACK: Numerous fine cracks which appear on the surface of concrete in a hexagonal or octagonal pattern. This type of crack is caused by improperly trowelled concrete surface.
CULVERT: A covered channel up to about 12 feet in width or a large pipe for carrying a watercourse below ground level, usually under a road or railway.
CURING: Keeping
freshly poured concrete or mortar damp for specified time (Usually the first
one week of its life) so that the cement is always provided with enough water
to harden. This improves the final strength of concrete, particularly at the
surface, and should reduce surface cracking or dusting.
For
‘D’
DADO: Concrete
barrier on the sides of bridge approach slab; the part of pedestal between cap
and base.
DATUM: Any
elevation taken as a reference point for levelling.
DECK: (1)
A flat roof, a quay, jetty or bridge floor, generally a floor form with no roof
over upon which concrete for a slab is placed. (2) Formwork for a level
surface.
DEFORMED
BAR: A reinforcing bar with ridges to increase bonding between the
reinforcing bar and concrete.
DENSITY
INDEX (relative density): is a measure of the tendency or ability to
compact soil during loading. The density index is equal to 1 for a very dense
soil; it is equal to 0 for a very loose soil.
DETOUR: A
temporary route for traffic around a closed portion of a road.
DEVIATION:
Difference between the value and the average of a set.
DIAPHRAGM:
(1) A stiffening plate in a bridge between the main girders in a bridge or
a stiffening web across a hollow building block. (2) Ligamentous wall separating two
cavities.
DILUTION:
Reducing a concentration of soluble material by adding pure water.
DISTILLATION:
Salt removal process from brackish or sea water by boiling and
condensation.
DITCH: Long
narrow excavation for drainage, irrigation or burying underground pipelines.
DIVIDED
HIGHWAY: A highway with separated traveled ways for traffic, generally in
opposite directions.
DREDGE: To
dig or excavate under water.
DUCT: A
protective tube or a brick or concrete trench or corridor along which pipes or
cables pass through the ground.
DUCTILITY:
The ability of a metal to undergo cold plastic deformation without
breaking, particularly by pulling in cold drawing.
DURABILITY:
The ability of materials to resist weathering action, chemical attack,
abrasion or other conditions of service.
DYKE: (1)
A mound of earth along a river or channel bank to retain floodwater. (2) Large
ditch. (3) A tabular-shaped igneous intrusion.